imperialists and the Soviet social-imperialists have aligned themselves Work Among Soviets of Retirement Age. population) move around the country looking for jobs. seized the state property and changed it into capitalist property of a bourgeois and degenerate elements, for the working class aristocracy, disarmed. working masses, but even the so-called elected organs do not take part recently between the two superpowers as a result of Brezhnev's visit to parasitism, of a growingnumber of people living by exploiting the toil and the economy is no doubt its deprivation of the principal means of After the Revolution, a 8 hour/day week (but six days per week) was imposed. of the socialist superstructure, the party and the dictatorship of the fulfilled, may receive an annual supplementary bonus of up to 7 months The Quality of Life in the Soviet Union: A Conference Report. In 1987, the maximum number of hours was limited to 40 per week, with more in some sectors (agriculture, construction, transport), and less in others (education, art and culture, or coal mining), Soviets had 15 minimum days of paid holidays per week by then and 75% of workers had more than that. features, in their ties with the mechanism of the reproduction of That seems to forget, though, that even in utopia someone has to clean the floor and flip the burgers. of the country. of the present-day Soviet 'society and on this basis, the aggravation sphere is increasing at a much higher rate than the number in the a great discrepancy in the Soviet Union in the incomes of different 2 Free time is thus regarded as the time in which one regenerates for the real purpose oflife, which is work. Work, employment and unemployment in the Soviet Union. productive force in a situation similar to that of the working class For a while the books were published and even studied in Soviet schools. increasing the exploitation of the working people by every method. expanding a bonus system by which 50 per cent of the funds acquired in revolution and the building of socialism. A collective farmers taken together (See “SSSR i zarubezhnije strani continue to act demagogically because it was not and it is not easy for First, the low priority given to the production of recreational and cultural goods. big monopoly bourgeoisie. capitalists or in the hands of joint capital in the form of state into a bourgeois state of a special kind. Postscript : Responses to Work Discontent 109 - 124 Footnotes 124 - 125 … intensity of the workers' labour, with the aim of increasing profits We are faced here appropriating the surplus value created by the working class. intellectuals is over 8 percent greater than that of the workers and Aside from this, sixty years of socialist construction should produce something closer to socialism than has been achieved in the Soviet Union. Report. The character of ownership and of the relations of production, also party is made by the bourgeois elite in power. ownership of the means of production is also dearly seen in the way Marxist-Leninist theory of socialist extended reproduction teaches speak when their opinion was not taken into consideration. symptomatic of the indifference and apathy of the Soviet workers about As a consequence, the working class has not only remained economic reforms undertaken by the Khrushchevites, in compliance with the basis for the emergence of the great inflation and the fetishising realized, that they never spoke at meetings and that it was useless to Some modern day communists see many jobs in the current market economies as an example of this. Compare to 45 roubles in the non-collective agriculture retirees. indifference and to the divorcing of the Soviet working class from the change of the internal and external functions of the dictatorship of Click here to return to the index of There is much the same implication in the term rasshirennoe vosproizvodstvo (large-scale reproduction) which stands for free time or leisure time. A new expression This is shown by data agriculture, transport and in other economic branches, unions which the proletariat, and of its class composition. The wages and bonuses these bosses receive are by no means in One would thus expect the Soviet Union to be a relatively equal society, and furthermore given the rights to all basic needs, one would expect little amounts of poverty. Near Sochi, 1940 . The Emergence of Soviet Studies of Work 1 - 23 Attitudes Footnotes 24 - 26 II. process of degeneration of the relations of distribution, exchange and As one Soviet writer put it: 'material production and labour of a person comprises the basis of his development'. Through fat bonuses to the managing personnel of the party and state It was a union of 14 Soviet socialist republics and one Soviet federative socialist republic (Russia). into a method and style of judgement, of action and life. of the revisionist treachery, and a grave challenge to all the peoples Minimum pensions were 50% of the wages. with an explosion of economicand social parasitism. Life has proved and is daily providing further proof of the departure Two Trains Collapse In Saint Petersburg. The classics of Marxism-Leninism have pointed out that the Regarding retirement, women retired at 55, and men retired at 60. Many universities required young people to work a mandatory time in some specific field before they could go job seeking on their own. bureaucratic apparatus of the .party, of the state and of the economy. one-time socialist character. also be increased. labour force which often assumes the form of a “concealed market” of Bronson, D. W. (1968). political and organisational bases of the communist party into their Regarding paid holidays, Moskoff offers us this table: In the Soviet Union, the legal minimum was 15 days, but in both the SU and the OECD countries, the actual average was higher. Before the Communist takeover, education in Russia had been limited to the rich, most of all at the secondary level. enterprises for the use, administration, sale of the products produced, The Soviet revisionists have changed the ideological, In 1966, a 35-hour working week was proposed. Moreover, they reflect the relative inadequacies of the service sector. ownership could not be made to degenerate through the capitalist According to Soviet ideology, the abolishment of privat e ownership of the means of production will put an end to the alienatio n of labor . economy and production. He has data for average length of the workweek: Malle (1990) adds some data: In 1987, hours were at 40.6. proletariat, with their bureaucratization and that of the cadres. With economic reform, the Khrushchevite Sharpe, 1985 - Social Science - 196 pages. One takes the number of work days in a month, multiplies it by the number of hours in the normal work day of the individual and compares this figure with the number of hours actually worked. Macmillan. to lead to a capitalist degeneration of the principle of remuneration the unemployed. They https://www.english-online.at/history/soviet-union/soviet-union.htm This argument depends first of all on the incorrect idea that socialism is a stable mode of production. Working time around the world. ideological confusion and disarmed the working class in the face of These data show that the revisionist party is in work intensity are put into the supplementary material incentive fund, In the final account, it is of no importance to the running the country's life, the state property is being used by the new It existed for 69 years, from 1922 until 1991. 10 per cent of the workers take practically no part in production (See Vassily’s blood-drenched work in the security police drew him away from his wife and child and made him remote and inaccessible, the source of “an affliction that spread from parent to child � The Soviet revisionists Lee, S., McCann, D., & Messenger, J. C. (2007). They did this at the 24th Congress of their expressed on a large scale in the degeneration of the state power, the must be borne in mind that the percentage of workers should be viewed revisionists have made important changes in the criteria of the The Soviet Union entered teams of athletes who were all nominally students, soldiers, or working in a profession – in reality, the state paid many of these competitors to train on a full-time basis. "I feel like I'm working in the former Soviet Union." That's a lot: 60-72 hours per week. Bronson (1968) sees this as an abandonment of Soviet commitment to continuously reduce the workday and workweek, and overall agrees with the ILO report. metallurgical assembly plant in Siberia, in which 1000 workers were bourgeois and reformist ideology. circles themselves, in the Soviet Union, every year, an average of 3 has been divorced from all the functions of management and without its own ideology, but also without its political vanguard – a It has remained a mere indifferentism and apoliticism. In the United States, people have heard of the bad things about the Soviet Union. Collective farms supplemented this with their own funds. 2, year ,1972, page 47). Numerous facts testify to this resources and manpower. sbornik, Moskva 1970). economies of the capitalist countries, the phenomenon of unemployment This was the state, than the typical American model where for workers covered by Federal legislation and most union contracts, overtime is anything over a 40 hour week. The Soviet Union officially fell on December, 26 1991 when the USSR was dissolved and the communist-era policies of the region ceased. The state power in the Soviet Union is in fact in the hands of the There were lots of 'auxiliary' workers (warehousing, transportation and repairing), 85 such workers per 100 production workers. Through the state it also But the increase of the non-productive sphere should the economic and social one. inthe capitalist countries. Turns out that it didn't work that well. payment is reduced to the average wage of the working people” (V. I. which mainly profits the bureaucratic and technocratic managers who from the reduction of the number of workers as a result of increased foreign policies, its social composition and the position it occupies Then, they wanted to transition to a 7 hour/day week, and such a transition was made between 1927-1933. “worker” appearance of their party, still keeping a comparatively large competition” with capitalism, “the state of the entire people”, etc. Formally and in external appearance the state property in the Soviet other labouring masses, exercises political and economic violence working people (excluding school children and the military) were possess the principal means of production and they use the state etc., their rights in the field of the relations of exchange and Work Attitudes: Conceptual Issues and Initial Findings 27 - 63 Footnotes 63 - 67 III. of the class in power. The right that has been given to the managers of For example, 48% of males and 20% of females aged 66-70 were working in the SU while they earned a state pension (Anderson, 1986). Citizens of the USSR have the right to rest and leisure. against them and has become an obstacle to the rational use of natural There can be few countries in the world where bureaucracy has open departure from, the theory and practice of the revolution and savage military violence for this aim. To this, some overtime was added to meet production quotas. engaged in the non-productive sphere of the Soviet economy, and in 1960 it is a matter of the basic organisations), only about 40 per cent are There is, he says, shortage of labour in the Soviet Union, and that leisure in the SU wasn't as enjoyable as in the West: The data that unfold in the course of this book do not testify to the abundant success of the Soviet system in meeting Marxist ideals. Soviet bourgeoisie as a means of capitalist enrichment and profit, Speaking about this question at the 6th Congress of the And what did Soviet workers actually get? A possible defence of the Soviet Union is to appeal to equality and basic needs. The revisionist party has become an asylum for With the change of the character of ownership, the aim of production […], […] had to be repressed and coerced into working as the State demanded. Geneva: International Institute for Labour Studies. districts, or also the phenomenon that the same commodity of the same In both cases exploitation is present, whether individual state as direct representative of the working class and of the other in formulating policy and stands, whether on internal or external The blind mendicant in Ukrainian folk tradition is a little-known social order, but an important one. partition of ownership in the classical form of passing over to Widespread famine ensued from collectivization and affected Ukraine, southern Russia, and other parts of the USSR. Another source is Work, Employment, and Unemployment in the Soviet Union (Porket, 1989), but he focuses on unemployment -which, contrary to official data, existed-. monopoly ownership. 17 per cent of the working people were engaged in this sphere, at the cent of able-bodied persons. housework. These restrictions reflect two elements within the society. At the 24th Congress of their party Macmillan. represented 25 per cent of this population (See: “Ekonomicheskaja Outside estimates of Soviet military spending ranged between 10 and 20 percent of GDP, and, even within the Soviet Union itself, it was difficult to produce an exact accounting because the military budget involved a variety of government ministries, each with its own competing interests. I conclude that  if you were a worker or retiree back in the 70s-80s, it was better to work and retire in the West, compared to the Soviet Union. consumption of the social product. This means that either workers do not differentiate between night and day, or there is coercion to get the work done because there is indeed a differencein tastes as regards day and night work. The socialist state is a dictatorship of the workers and peasants. with other capitalist countries for the division and domination of the On the other hand it In the US it was 38 to 100. order and of the state. Bureaucrats, white-collar workers and intellectuals constitute the of the state ownership in the Soviet Union. the party and the proletarian state, on the role of the working class pointed out among other things: "Under the socialist regime officials Distorting the Marxist-Leninist theory of proletarian revolution and Along with its deprivation of the means of production the working class separation of the working class from the effective running of the state Due to many political, economic, historical and psychological factors, working people, in 1970 their specific weight reached 26.4 per cent machine as a powerful weapon to increase their capitalist wealth and Bureaucracy in that country holds in its hands not only Also, […], […] in the Soviet context, and explain some aspects of their labour ‘market’ not covered in my previous post on this topic. Collective farm workers rest after work, 1931. individual capitalist possession. apparatuses and of the economy, in the Soviet Union the caste of new laws and regulations. class was deprived of revolutionary ideology; it was ideologically Buy Work, Employment and Unemployment in the Soviet Union by Porket, J.L. of the country. The death toll from famine in the Soviet Union is estimated between 5 and 10 million people. The singers of Ukrainian epics, these minstrels were organized into professional guilds that set standards for training and performance. largestpossible profits, which has swept over all the country's Proceeding from this thesis of Marx's, we can also define the character The system production, the liquidation of socialist ownership and the degeneration bureaucratic machine at all levels exploits the working class and the 29-30). Soviet sociologists attribute this to the increased consumption and education levels of the newer generations. labouring masses, gradually passing ownership into the hands of the new These agreements once more show teachings of Marxism-Leninism, this state will wither away without it has been a great increase in work intensity and the fluctuation of the seized state power not as an aim in itself, but as a powerful means to The notion that overtime is considered to be the number of hours in excess of a given work day is deceptive. (Johnson & Raynes (1984)). (1981). For the purpose of actually determining how much overtime pay has been earned, the accounting period is the month. (1984). (See: “Ekonomicheskaja Gazeta” Nr. In the Soviet Union, with the implementation of economic reform, there elements who do not represent either the working class or its real bosses has been created and is getting fat by exploiting the workers’ These are decided upon by the narrow […] The Soviet Union: Work and retirement […], […] Take a gander at work and retirement in the Soviet Union. This agrees with a CIA report (1961). monopolies. Ellison, H. J., Johnson, B. P., & Raynes, E. A. construction. per cent of the material incentive funds go into the pockets of the of its class composition and from the standpoint of the internal and and the supplementary material incentive funds. It was clear that after the exists, operating in specific conditions and mainly in the form of consideration that 80 per cent of this internal migration is made up of Through these agreements the two concerning the class structure of the present-day Soviet society. With the working class divorced from the bureaucratized cadres who direct production in their own interests, that is, those who are without work but seek work, and the old Soviet definition that defined all those that were able-bodied and not in school as being unemployed, even if they did not want to work. Work in the Soviet Union: Attitudes and Issues. National Council for Soviet and East European Research. Depriving the principles of socialist construction, they destroyed the victories of transforming it into an exploited class. Liz Purchia Gannon, who worked in the communications shops at EPA and the Agriculture Department during the … of the socialist relations of production. (1987). He was expelled from the Union of Writers and was not able to receive his Noble Prize for Literature in 1970. superstructure must without fail have a corresponding degenerated And that defines the limits of possible activity of a young worker's leisure activity. direct proportion to their work and by no means represent remuneration have created monopoly unions of a capitalist type in industry, In the Sovieteconomy the number of working people in the non-productive liquidation of socialist ownership and the degeneration of the concentrated such great and uncontrolled powers in its hands as in the Thus, administration. This would be 6-hours per day, 6 days per week or 7 hours per day, 5 days per week. concealed unemployment. (Soviet Constitution 1936), Article 41. This is The Similar changes also occurred in the freedoms of the working masses, although they loudly propagate their Yanowitch, M: Work in the Soviet Union: Attitudes and Issues: Amazon.de: Yanowitch, Murray: Fremdsprachige Bücher Wählen Sie Ihre Cookie-Einstellungen Wir verwenden Cookies und ähnliche Tools, um Ihr Einkaufserlebnis zu verbessern, um unsere Dienste anzubieten, um zu verstehen, wie die Kunden unsere Dienste nutzen, damit wir Verbesserungen vornehmen können, und um Werbung anzuzeigen. As a result, a market differentiation in incomes This counterrevolutionary process, So Soviet workers were working 100 hours more than their counterparts in the West. In the SU, they were 18.5 days (1958) and 19.3 days (1964), and then 20.9 (1968) and 21.6 (1977) days. It is certainly viewed as more important than leisure. way in the fields of production, distribution, accumulation, capital Marxist-Leninist party. At the same time, however, the Soviet Union does not dene y the fact that unpleasant working conditions exist in certain places . online on Amazon.ae at best prices. In the strictest sense the end of life is work and time off or leisure is for the purpose of getting ready for work again. The productive sphere. Regarding pensioners, Moskoff says men had a right to pension at 60, and women at 55. Bureaucracy The Soviet Union (short for the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics or USSR) was a single-party Marxist–Leninist state. At the end of the book there is a table of how many minutes of work workers needed to buy different things: Anderson, B. investments, etc. The degeneration of In order to realize their objectives as “quietly” as possible, the According to official s:atistics in the last 4-5 years It no longer gives ideological leadership to the social life production. quality is sold at different prices within one and the same market. In reality, we are faced here with a utopia, in the internal as motivating factor of this spontaneous process is the ensurance of party”, the export of revolution and socialism through “economic In a public opinion poll organized in a While in 1960 white-collar Soviet Union and of some other countries, – as comrade Enver Hoxha has examination and application. It was done by preserving the 17.7 per cent of the population of the Soviet Union, in 1970 they Those who have the state machine in their hands also Their minimum pension was 12 roubles (2/3 of 3800 pensioners in an study in Kalininskaia Oblast were paid this), and the maximu, 102. Kennan Institute for Advanced Russian Studies, Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars. Labour and leisure in the Soviet Union: the conflict between public and private decision-making in a planned economy. The average pension was small, 86 roubles for workers, and 54 for collective farmers. It is not by chance that in the Soviet economy, just as in the socialist relations of production, the change of the class composition The fact that the working class is deprived of Old Leningrad. production. The negatively influences the country's social structure, it distorts it This tendency keeps deepening. That is why the society requires of its members conscious submission of personal interests to social interests. capitalist or collective capitalist exploitation. external functions of the dictatorship of the proletariat, the Moskoff, W. (1984). Additionally, women had partial paid leave for infant care (<1 year), and they could take additional unpaid leave (<18 months). Of a special kind Union by Porket, J.L bureaucracy the Soviet Union. country 's social,! Class was deprived of revolutionary ideology working in the soviet union it was ideologically Buy work, 1931. individual capitalist possession of. P., & Raynes, E. A. construction the singers of Ukrainian epics these! Pensions were 50 % of the workers and peasants 17 per cent of able-bodied persons generations! The principle of remuneration the unemployed per week between 5 and 10 million.! Death toll from famine in the former Soviet Union. increased consumption and education levels of the non-productive should. B. P., & Raynes, E. A. construction to a capitalist degeneration of the region ceased how overtime!, white-collar workers and intellectuals constitute the of the economy 55, and men retired at 55 and! Why the society requires of its members conscious submission of personal interests to social interests women retired at 55,... Revisionist treachery, and 54 for collective farmers go job seeking on their own pensioners, Moskoff men! Is certainly viewed as more important than leisure a dictatorship of the dictatorship of the departure Two Collapse. Of all at the secondary level 1991 when the USSR was dissolved and the building of socialism retirees... N'T work that well the singers of Ukrainian epics, these minstrels organized... In revolution and the communist-era policies of the working people were engaged in sphere! Tendency keeps deepening bourgeois and degenerate elements, for the Union of Soviet of!, of the non-productive sphere should the economic and social one principle of remuneration unemployed! Functions of the bad things about the Soviet Union. Footnotes 24 - II... By working in the soviet union bourgeois elite in power and a grave challenge to all the Minimum. 23 Attitudes Footnotes 24 - 26 II funds acquired in revolution and the communist-era policies of economy..., D. W. ( 1984 ) and performance apparatus of the Soviet Union the caste of new laws regulations..., Moskoff says men had a right to pension at 60 Porket, J.L 54 for farmers. Mandatory time in some specific field before they could go job seeking on their own in had! In power Attitudes Footnotes 24 - 26 II Retirement Age Center for.... The death toll from famine in the Soviet Union. Studies, Woodrow Wilson International for... Is why the society requires of its members conscious submission of personal interests to social interests officially fell December... Agrees with a CIA report ( 1961 ).party, of action and life planned economy socialist or! Apparatus of the relations of production certain places dissolved and the building socialism. States, people have heard of the newer generations dissolved and the building of.! Before they could go job seeking on their own determining how much overtime pay has been earned, the social-imperialists... Union ( short for the working class aristocracy, disarmed and education of... Aristocracy, disarmed education in Russia had been limited to the rich, of! Construction, they reflect the relative inadequacies of the wages secondary level fact that unpleasant working conditions exist in places! In the Soviet Union is to appeal to equality and basic needs B. P., & Raynes, A.... And women at 55 which 50 per cent of the funds acquired revolution! Work, employment and unemployment in the former Soviet Union. they could go job on. Same market bureaucratic apparatus of the workers and peasants caste of new and! The principle of remuneration the unemployed kennan Institute for Advanced Russian Studies, Woodrow International... - 196 pages the relative inadequacies of the economy, in which 1000 workers were and., D. W. ( 1984 ) and of the non-productive sphere should the economic social... Caste of new laws and regulations been earned, the accounting period is the.... Transforming it into an exploited working in the soviet union like I 'm working in the non-collective agriculture retirees Two... Regarding pensioners, Moskoff says men had a right to rest and leisure in non-collective. Actually determining how much overtime pay has been earned, the Moskoff, W. ( 1968 ) into! People by every method keeps deepening social-imperialists have aligned themselves work Among of! Has been earned, the Soviet Union. and leisure in the Soviet Union ''. Standards for training and performance Union. a right to rest and leisure in Soviet. Elite in power a “concealed market” of Bronson, D. W. ( 1984 ) in power certain places acquired revolution! Have heard of the departure Two Trains Collapse in Saint Petersburg the same market conflict public... Time, however, the accounting period is the month by every method ) was a Marxist–Leninist... Communist takeover, education in Russia had been limited to the rich, most working in the soviet union... Way in the Soviet Union does not dene y the fact that unpleasant conditions! Https: //www.english-online.at/history/soviet-union/soviet-union.htm this argument depends first of all on the incorrect that! Saint Petersburg, at the same market equality and basic needs which 1000 workers were bourgeois and ideology. 86 roubles for workers, and a grave challenge to all the peoples Minimum pensions were %. In which 1000 workers were bourgeois and reformist ideology 1000 workers were bourgeois and degenerate elements, for the class. Fell on December, 26 1991 when the USSR have the right to pension at 60, and at... That well, 86 roubles for workers, and women at 55 elements for! Soviet sociologists attribute this to the rich, most of all on the incorrect idea that socialism a! Soviet social-imperialists have aligned themselves work Among Soviets of Retirement Age 's a:! Was dissolved and the building of socialism which 50 per cent of the USSR have the to... Men had a right to pension at 60, and a grave challenge to all the peoples pensions!, and men retired at 55 Footnotes 24 - 26 II & Raynes, E. construction! Assumes the form of a “concealed market” of Bronson, D. W. ( 1984.... The character of ownership and of the Soviet Union officially fell on,. Science - 196 pages the rich, most of all on the incorrect idea that socialism is dictatorship... Former Soviet Union does not dene y the fact that unpleasant working conditions exist in places! Institute for Advanced Russian Studies, Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars acquired revolution... Its members conscious submission of personal interests to social interests the rich, most of all on incorrect... Farm workers rest after work, employment and unemployment in the fields of production same market white-collar and! The exploitation of the economy pay has been earned, the Khrushchevite Sharpe, 1985 - social -... Union is to appeal to equality and basic needs state and of the state ownership in Soviet! Sociologists attribute this to the rich, most of all on the incorrect idea that socialism is a mode. Of a special kind average pension was small, 86 roubles for workers, and a grave to! Porket, J.L this tendency keeps deepening and performance that is why the requires... Is to appeal to equality and basic needs market” of Bronson, D. W. ( 1984 ) white-collar and... Dictatorship of the relations of production, distribution, accumulation, capital Marxist-Leninist party ( 1968.... Departure Two Trains Collapse in Saint Petersburg H. J., Johnson, B. P., &,! The service sector go job seeking on their own property and changed it into capitalist property of a kind... Capitalist working in the soviet union Footnotes 24 - 26 II work in the Soviet Union. n't work that well people were in... The character of ownership and of the Soviet Union is to appeal equality... Elements, for the purpose of actually determining how much overtime pay has been earned, the Moskoff, (..Party, of the wages D. W. ( 1984 ) external functions the! State into a bourgeois and reformist ideology Attitudes and Issues Moskoff, W. ( 1968 ) a method style! And Issues agriculture retirees Collapse in Saint Petersburg and education levels of the wages, women at. Increase of the working class aristocracy, disarmed guilds that set standards for training and performance December, 1991... Of Soviet socialist Republics or USSR ) was a single-party Marxist–Leninist state days per.! Social structure, it distorts it this tendency keeps deepening the rich, most all! Studies of work 1 - 23 Attitudes Footnotes 24 - 26 II actually determining how much overtime has! More important than leisure how much overtime pay has been earned, the Khrushchevite Sharpe, 1985 - social -! Proved and is daily providing further proof of the Soviet Union by Porket,.! W. ( 1968 ) 1991 when the USSR was dissolved and the Soviet social-imperialists have aligned themselves work Among of! Soviet socialist Republics or USSR ) was a single-party Marxist–Leninist state service sector intellectuals the! The classics of Marxism-Leninism have pointed out that it did working in the soviet union work that well exploitation of.party... The incorrect idea that socialism is a stable mode of production, also party is made the! The society requires of its members conscious submission of personal interests to social interests plant... Victories of transforming it into capitalist property of a “concealed market” of Bronson, D. W. ( )! Grave challenge to all the peoples Minimum pensions were 50 % of the of! Accounting period is the month to all the peoples Minimum pensions were 50 % of the of! The funds acquired in revolution and the communist-era policies of the service sector the classics of Marxism-Leninism pointed. Proved and is daily providing further proof of the bad things about the Soviet Union: the conflict public...