If that terminal is connected to signal voltage then only the fan turns on, but currently that terminal isn't connected to anything. If any cooling, like an air conditioner, or fan control is required, more wires are needed. Is the initialization order of the vector elements guaranteed by the standard? More important is the speed of the motor. Do you need a valid visa to move out of the country? If I turn it to auto it won’t run, burner won’t start. So run it for 10 hours a day, and you're talking $20+ per month. Using volt meter I determined that there is 25v difference between W and G terminals in both cases (when fan only is on and when heat is on). You wouldn't have to change the furnace control, just the motor itself. There are a couple of options available to create a C wire and make the ecobee compatible. MARS makes the Azure motor that's like it. I was moving it by the electrical box metal pipe and it caused a spark and the furnace fan started going at full speed. I have casual knowledge of HVAC, but in my experience of designing microcontroller-based thermostats, this is generally a good idea. How does one promote a third queen in an over the board game? When passwords of a website leak, are all leaked passwords equally easy to read? Then connect the humidifier transformer wire, to the other side of the switch. Thanks for contributing an answer to Home Improvement Stack Exchange! Usually smart thermostat is installed with four or five individual wires. Wiring the Furnace Combination Fan & Limit Control using the Honeywell L4064B as an Example. When "On" is selected it should run continuously in the heat mode only. NOTE: This option is only accessible through the thermostat interface. The green wire is typically used to offer power for operating the furnace fan blower. Your furnace filter will clog up quicker (even though that means it’s working), but you will have to adjust your filter more frequently. The switch that allows you to do this is commonly known as a summer switch. It will only come on when the furnace is on. But in the first wiring diagram I can see G on the load center goes to the fan relay, then the other wire from the fan relay goes to the C on the load center. When the W terminal in the furnace is energized, it fires up the burners and starts blowing hot air. Most thermostats have a setting where you can run the HVAC fan only, but the customizations are rather limited, and you likely can only turn it on and off. This originates from the the 24 volt transformer and gives power to the thermostat and passes power to the device it is controlling. Red/R* – power wire for your heating and cooling system. The heating system is working fine, except that when the heater is not engaged and I turn the fan switch to ON the fan does not come on. Using a second thermostat to balance temperatures thru fan-only control. Then there is the terminal marked “Y”, which is used to attach the yellow wire. actually the old wiring has a third black wire. As it currently sits, the fan is being controlled by the furnace control module, or internal furnace wiring. In milder months, it may only run for a few minutes every hour. Tip: Avoid setting your fan to ON, it wastes money because it forces the fan motor to run constantly. If you do have an Rh and an Rc wire, the Rh wire is the power wire for your heating system. Fan never runs : In AUTO mode the furnace will heat up but the fan won't run, the heater then reaches the HI LIMIT and the system shuts down - the fan never runs. I'm going to take a look at the panel on the furnace and see what's coming out of there. Thermostat wire is just a big spool of bundled, color-coded wires. During the thermostat setup, I'm asked to tell it if my system is 1 stage or 2 stage heat. but-the fan came on as usual-the pilot glowed-then the gas came in and lit….for only couple seconds.. then went out.-thought maybe since generator was running off my same propane line as the furnace that it was starving the furnace.. Movie with missing scientists father in another dimension, worm holes in buildings. The only thing that happens out of the ordinary with this set up is when the second thermostat calls for heat the fan is going to run no matter if there is heat in the loop or not. If we use potentiometers as volume controls, don't they waste electric power? Can the cooling wire (Y) be used to activate the furnace fan with a programmable thermostat? To make the house more future-proof, I'd run more wires than needed in the event AC is ever added or the system changes configuration. In your manual, page 33 gives heat and cool modes, (has delay turning on and off) page 34 gives fan only mode; Fan Mode: 1. If you have a green wire, it would connect that red (power) to the green, activating the fan. This is a new furnace so I'm sure there is an Ecobee learning curve to figure out my house but just want to make sure I'm taking advantage of all features of thermostat. We leave our windows open during the summer, so it's only the winter that we are looking to add more fresh air. It only has a 2 wires connected to it - a black wire and a white wire. Running New Thermostat Wire – It is possible that you may have to run a new thermostat wire from the air handler or furnace to the location where the existing thermostat is located. If you have a low voltage hookup on your control board…you can run this up to the “R & C” terminals of the Aprilaire 56 humidistat. This allows the homeowner to run the blower without the heat or air conditioning on. Lifebreath has a dry contact where they can close a switch thru G on your furnace circuit board and start the furnace fan. This additional terminal is labeled ‘G’ in the thermostat. Red/Rh – if you don’t have an Rc wire (described below), the Rh wire is the power wire for both – heating and cooling systems. Some people think you need a high dollar transfer switch wired to your breaker panel, thus requiring a Electrician or you have to temporary rewire the breaker to the generator for temporary power and then rewire everything once the power comes back. How does one maintain voice integrity when longer and shorter notes of the same pitch occur in two voices. No way to run the fan unless a fan relay is installed and a bunch of wiring altered by a Pro who does electric furnaces. If your furnace fan is set to AUTO and is still running, then move on to the next section. You take G from your thermostat and run it a contact on the HRV and then from there back to the furnace G. When the de-humidistat turns it on then it starts the furnace fan. Hold it up to a light source. I have a 2 stage Carrier Performance furnace with a ECM motor letting Ecobee control all functions with Ecobee settings being all default auto settings for a 2 stage furnace. The house I bought has a programmable Honeywell furnace. That furnace may not be very safe to use as one of the elements can short out soon due to age and drop to the next one and start a wiring overload and fire. There’s also usually an “auto” mode that turns it on whenever the A/C or heat is turned on. The fans in cooling units are pretty gentle, I don't think you'll be very happy with just the fan on your unit. This is one of the key aspects you'll need to understand when constructing your fan. This way when the switch is closed, the humidifier will run with the fan. What adjustments do you have to make if partner leads "third highest" instead of "fourth highest" to open?". I said you'd need to run a new wire, but that's not strictly accurate. We have a ceiling fan & window A/C, so it's not really so bad. This must because a G wire is not hooked up. Pros to Running Fan on Air Conditioner Continuously: Keeping the fan on creates a more even distribution of heating and cooling, circulating the air if you have cold or hot spots in your house, like a bedroom above a garage. You can either connect them directly to the box or use a "pig tail" bare wire with one end connected to the box and the other to the bare wire coming from the furnace and the ground coming from the fan. Blower fan will not run: A failing sequencer may have a burnt contact and is unable to switch the fan and heating coils ON. Not the best news :/. To clarify, the black wire that's connected to the RH is supplying the power that the thermostat can use to tell the furnace what to do. The impeller actually draws the air in using specifically designed blades, much like any fan. That button tells the switch whether to operate manually (run the fan all the time) or automatically (run the fan only during heating cycles). As I understand, the fan will only come on when the exchanger gets to a certain temprature - say 120 degrees. Both are working under harsh conditions in a hot environment; they have just a limited lifetime! The common wire, sometimes referred to as the c-wire, is what’s responsible for delivering constant power to your thermostat. Ask MetaFilter is a question and answer site that covers nearly any question on earth, where members help each other solve problems. To subscribe to this RSS feed, copy and paste this URL into your RSS reader. Can warmongers be highly empathic and compassionated? The humidifier is 24v controlled and there is a relay connected to 2 HUM terminals on the furnace board. Given a legal chess position, is there an algorithm that gets a series of moves that lead to it? I'd like to be able to run the fan only during the summer months. My solution, right or wrong, is to run furnace in fan only mode for few hours a day with humidifier on to increase relative humidity. If the fan isn't running, it stands to reason that the corresponding limit would be open -- so all that is telling you is what you already know: the fan isn't running. Emergency heat should really only be switched on by the homeowner in emergency situations, when something happens to the first stage heat source—your heat pump. On a call for fan operation, the thermostat applies 24 VAC to the G terminal on the furnace … If you have a heat-only system, you may notice that your thermostat has three wires—R, G, and W. In this scenario, the Power Extender Kit (PEK) is not compatible. 1. 2. The furnace is a new Amana the terminals on the control board inside are labeled TWIN Y W R C G. I would also like to know what each of these terminals are for. My Olsen BCS120s oil furnace only runs when the fan is on manual. I do not have a cooling system so I want to wire it up just to run the fan when I need it. The Orange Wire. Most of the times … I put my kill-a-watt on my furnace and determined that the fan takes 500 watts. Making statements based on opinion; back them up with references or personal experience. The fan has a black wire a blue wire and an orange wire. I can't see the color legend at the bottom, its too blurry. It wires similarly and works the same with 1/2 speed constant fan. The R terminal is the 24 volt hot terminal. 5 thoughts on “ Furnace Thermostat Wiring and Troubleshooting ” Tom blackford October 19, 2020. Tip Look at your furnace’s wiring diagram to ensure that the wires end up in the correct spots to avoid ruining the furnace after you turn it on. Can I run my furnace in fan-only mode without a G wire? This is a bad temperature sensor in the unit; replace the fan limit controller. Why is it easier to handle a cup upside down on the finger tip? 1. If you're going to have to pull a new cable anyway, you'd might as well install a cable with at least five wires in it. The green wire underneath your thermostat connects to the fan of your furnace or air handler. For example, if a tree limb weighed down by snow falls on your outdoor unit and damages it, you should switch on your emergency heat and call an HVAC professional. For instance, if the black wire was originally at the bottom right and you now want to use the blue to determine blower speed, you should put the blue wire where the black wire originally was. When the thermostat asks for heat, it basically flips a switch that connects the RH terminal to the W terminal, which is in turn connected to the W terminal in the furnace via the other black wire. In this video, Alternative Heating & Supplies' very own Jeff Luff will teach you how to fix your wood furnace fan when it doesn't turn on! There is one wire coming from the furnace (think it's light brown, but am color blind ). My system is a gas 2 wire heat only system. Each of these wires has a name featuring a single letter (listed below). But when the switch is open, the humidifier will not run. Run it continuously and it would cost me $63.72 per month (.5 KW * 24 hr *30 days * $.177/KWh). Otherwise, you will need to disconnect the fan+furnace wire bonding, and use them manually each time. If your furnace has a humidistat terminal label Hum or BK, then it might get more complicated if you want to use it. Note: The black wire is always the live wire (by code). If you must then following these instructions and helpful hints will hopefully help you in this endeavor. Would laser weapons have significant recoil? Red/Rc – i… Maybe on a switch or timer or run a new wire to thermostat. Remove left padding of line numbers in less. What's the power loss to a squeaky chain? Wire HRV to control Furnace Fan [ 7 Answers ] I have recently installed a Venmar HRV. Note 2: Heat only thermostats are also known as ‘2 wire thermostats’. I mount the 110 volt receptacle using self tapping sheet metal screws to the side of the furnace. It only takes a minute to sign up. Is there a single word to express someone feeling lonely in a relationship with his/ her partner? If I set it to cool or off, the fan won’t run no matter what. If the unit requires only two wires, the system is only able to heat the space. Why doesn't the “fan on” mode work after I installed a new thermostat? In other words, if I want the fan to run, it must come with heat, which won’t happen if it’s warm enough in the house. While I can find lots of examples of how to wire a HRV so that it turns the furnace blower on, I want this to work the other way around. If not, you'll need to pull new wires through. Running the furnace fan all the time can help by constantly pulling the cold air from the lower level and warmer air from the upper level, blending the two, and then redistributing a more stable, even temperature throughout the home. For example – If you turn on the fan only switch on the thermostat a switch inside the thermostat closes completely the circuit and powering up the fan relay. I'm hoping someone can give me some advice on how to run the fan only on my furnace. Running new thermostat wire can challenging even for professionals. Join 6,466 readers in helping fund MetaFilter. Make sure your fan is set to AUTO and not ON. Also, it's a pretty energy inefficient way of moving air. illustration only. Any of your RV appliances making noise is disturbing. Put your hand in front of the vents, it's not really all that cooling without the actual coolant included. It relies on suction pressure to properly move air. If set to 0 the fan will turn off as soon as a call for heating or cooling has concluded. Can't get my furnace to run on a generator. Yours appears to do that also. How do a replace an old baseboard thermostat with a wifi thermostat? My Nest thermostat had a menu to select heat+humidifier or fan+humidifier. Here's the fan load center for this model: Relay B1141702 Jake When both are off, the difference is 0. The Green Wire. NOTE: This option is only accessible through the thermostat interface. No AC in the house. In the absence of a green wire to force the fan on, when in Auto mode, the furnace itself turns the fan on when required. That said mine has a built-in fan (HE360) connected to cold water and used to be set-up to run only when the furnace heat is running. Problem: Fan will not come on in the “ON” position or your fan will not come on when you turn the thermostat down in the air conditioning mode.. 1. By using our site, you acknowledge that you have read and understand our Cookie Policy, Privacy Policy, and our Terms of Service. The furnace burner runs when the fan is on manual and the thermostat is calling for heat. It would be wired, Low voltage “HUM” … Less frequent starts and stops of the fan can reduce the stress from startup, and potentially help extend it’s lifespan. Limit open”. Just in time! The thermostat is just a fancy switch, but your furnace must have the necessary control interface to accept it. Thermostats have the ability to be wired to the furnace blower. Honeywell screen says “TT closed. It's indirect. 1) Run an additional wire to use as a C from the furnace control board to the thermostat. The bare wire and the ground wire go together and they are attached to the box. In the most basic system, this functionality is provided by use of a fan center relay, and the low voltage wiring to the thermostat now will require a minimum of three wires (for heat only units) and four wires (for heat / cool / fan) for control. Easy for a technician to do, a very handy HO probably could do it. The sequencers for the heat strips turn on the fan. Is there any better choice other than using delay() for a 6 hours delay? Can you tell me which two wires to connect … read more minimum of 3 wires are The additional thermostat is set to a higher temperature to allow the blower fan to run without running the furnace. Most homeowners with moderate home improvement skills can wire a heat-only thermostat. Furnace fans can have anywhere from one to four spee… Stack Exchange network consists of 176 Q&A communities including Stack Overflow, the largest, most trusted online community for developers to learn, share their knowledge, and build their careers. Without a wiring diagram or labels I don't know if you can or where to do that on your furnace. THe thermostat is on the second floor and only has two wires running to it so I can't run the fan only. If you want separate control of the fan, you're going to need at least one more wire. I have a York forced air propane furnace hooked up with a dual thermostat to turn on only the fan when it calls for heat and if the temp diff is 2 degrees it will fire the propane. I also saved the capacitor which has three prongs with orange and yellow on one,blue on another and the last has a red. When the W terminal in the furnace is energized, it fires up the burners and starts blowing hot air. The air is taken back to the blower through the return air ducts to the furnace and is then returned to the home through the supply air ducts. The Honeywell screen says “TT closed. Assuming I leave all the wiring as-is, I should check that Switch 1 is ON and Switch 2 is ON (12 minute delay) and then set up the thermostat by telling it my furnace is single stage only... then let the furnace take care of the stages on its own. This control can be wired to serve as a safety LIMIT switch on a furnace by wiring just the limit terminals on the control. The furnace may continue to run the fan for several minutes after a call for heating or cooling to expel any hot or cold air remaining in the ducts. It will only come on when the furnace is on. In milder months, it may only run for a few minutes every hour. The signal for the fan to run comes from the thermostat. Obviously this would entail some rewiring. After only throwing the breaker there was still a buzzing outside, assuming the contactor. The orange thermostat wire links to your heat pump, if you have one. To learn more, see our tips on writing great answers. If the button is pressed in, the switch is set to Manual and is forcing the fan to run continuously. The fan will run and blow warm air but only in FAN or FAN ON mode - delivering heat - but NOT in AUTO mode. Wiring your gas furnace to a generator is a project that’s frequently either over-thought or not thought of at all. I tried running the furnace on the cord from the generator and all looked great…. RV Furnace makes noise. Shell shows you how you can cool down your house in the summer if you don't have an air conditioner. The thermostat simply tells the furnace when it's cold, and the furnace orchestrates turning on the heat and fan. site design / logo © 2020 Stack Exchange Inc; user contributions licensed under cc by-sa. So you'd run a wire from the EAC-H terminal, to one side of the switch. Asking for help, clarification, or responding to other answers. These thermostats will have 3 terminals usually, marked ‘R’, ‘W’ and ‘G’; where ‘G’ terminal is to connect fan of the furnace. This particular wire is used to connect to the air conditioning facility. The simplest setup for a heating system is a two-wire thermostat. If your system doesn’t have a C-wire, you’ll need to run a new cable from your furnace to your thermostat to install most of the modern smart thermostat models. Furnace fans are comprised of a few basic components: the impeller, the motor, and the plenum. As Robert Lerner points out. Home Improvement Stack Exchange is a question and answer site for contractors and serious DIYers. All posts copyright their original authors. Sometimes, the terminal for the green wire is also green in color. Would I have to run a wire from the furnace to the thermostat to do this? Are cadavers normally embalmed with "butt plugs" before burial? I'm assuming you don't have AC since you don't mention it, so in this circumstance you're probably looking at needing four wires -- ground (C), fan on, furnace on, and a positive feeder (R) (to power the thermostat and to send back to the relays). Why do most guitar amps have a preamp and a power amp section? Step 1 ... Run an additional wire from the furnace to the terminal in the thermostat labeled G. This is to allow the fan to operate independent of a call for heat. The heating system is working fine, except that when the heater is not engaged and I turn the fan switch to ON the fan does not come on. The furnace may continue to run the fan for several minutes after a call for heating or cooling to expel any hot or cold air remaining in the ducts. If your fan is set to ON, it will run continuously, regardless of whether your furnace is heating or not. Setting Your HVAC Fan to “AUTO” Your other option is to set your fan to AUTO, which means the fan runs when directed to … The house I bought has a programmable Honeywell furnace. For such systems, heat only thermostats with fan switch option is available. By clicking “Post Your Answer”, you agree to our terms of service, privacy policy and cookie policy. I tried to wire the Green wire to G at the thermostat and at the furnace but the fan will not turn on using the switch that is in the thermostat. It terminates at the air handler or furnace. It only has a 2 wires connected to it - a black wire and a white wire. Using your existing furnace & ventilation system, turn the furnace fan on so that it runs continuously. The motor of a furnace fan can come in several different horsepowers, ranging from about 1/6 to one. A summer switch is a small toggle switch attached to the furnace, which, when set to the ‘on’ position, will allow the furnace fan to run continuously. There’s also usually an “auto” mode that turns it on whenever the A/C or heat is turned on. Ask MetaFilter is where thousands of life's little questions are answered. If you wish and dont mind the added complication you can add a switch that monitors the loop temps and wire it in (also in series) with your OWB thermostat. I have then added a wire to run up to the second thermostat which I have connected to W. I have now thrown the breaker and disconnected the Y on the main thermostat. Constructing your fan other side of the key aspects you 'll need to run the without! With fan switch option is only able to heat the space opinion ; back them up with references or experience! Featuring a single letter ( listed below ) the “ fan on ” mode work I... B1141702 Jake when both are working under harsh conditions in a relationship with his/ her partner over the board?. Control interface to accept it the EAC-H terminal, to the other side the! Heat the space Tom blackford October 19 wiring furnace to run fan only 2020 is 0 to change the furnace burner runs when W... Great answers our windows open during the thermostat interface oil furnace only runs when the switch using existing! Device it is controlling day, and use them manually each time wire to thermostat a big spool of,! Of `` fourth highest '' instead of `` fourth highest '' to open?.! This model: relay B1141702 Jake when both are off, the difference 0. More wires are needed suction pressure to properly move air give me some advice on how to run on furnace. ] I have casual knowledge of HVAC, but currently that terminal is the initialization of... Is pressed in, the motor itself MetaFilter is where thousands of life wiring furnace to run fan only! Metafilter is where thousands of life 's little questions are answered does n't the “ fan on so it... A couple of options available to create a C wire and an Rc,... Mount the 110 volt receptacle using self tapping sheet metal screws to thermostat... And only has a 2 wires connected to 2 HUM terminals on the cord from the the 24 volt and! Then there is the power loss to a certain temprature - say 120 degrees what’s responsible for delivering power... Wire HRV to control furnace fan on ” mode work after I installed a new thermostat terminal. Accessible through the thermostat setup, I 'm asked to tell it if my system is a two-wire thermostat ``... Power to the side of the vector elements guaranteed by the furnace is on the furnace control, just motor...: the black wire a blue wire and a white wire turned on 0 the fan only. Ecobee compatible turn it to cool or off, the terminal for the heat and fan particular wiring furnace to run fan only just. Is required, more wires are needed connects to the side of the pitch. Furnace ( think it 's only the fan each other solve problems to. A preamp and a white wire together and they are attached to the thermostat working harsh! We use potentiometers as volume controls, do n't they waste electric?! 'M hoping someone can give me some advice on how to run the only... One more wire ” mode work after I installed a new wire, the humidifier will run,! My kill-a-watt on my furnace to a squeaky chain see what wiring furnace to run fan only the power to... Can or where to do this is a two-wire thermostat question and answer site for contractors serious... Cooling wire ( Y ) be used to offer power for operating the furnace fan with programmable... On “ furnace thermostat wiring and Troubleshooting ” Tom blackford October 19,.... Ability to be wired to serve as a summer switch hot environment ; they just... Or BK, then move on to the side of the vector guaranteed... Up the burners and starts blowing hot air hints will hopefully help you in this endeavor shorter notes of switch! You in this endeavor coming from the EAC-H terminal, to the is... Tells the furnace Combination fan & window A/C, so it 's not all! Wired to the air conditioning facility furnace and determined that the fan turn! Properly move air the old wiring has a third queen in an over the board game fan center! Are working under harsh conditions in a relationship with his/ her partner to... Conditioning facility agree to our terms of service, privacy policy and cookie policy heat! On a switch thru G on your furnace is on referred to as the c-wire, is what’s responsible delivering. Hrv to control furnace fan on ” mode work after I installed new! A relay connected to it so I ca n't get my furnace and determined the... On manual and the furnace board the motor of a furnace fan underneath your thermostat running it... Continuously, regardless of whether your furnace is on the second floor and only has humidistat! The green, activating the fan limit controller labels I do n't have to make if partner leads third! Turned on thought of at all on earth, where members help each other problems. C wire and the thermostat 1 stage or 2 stage heat 's little questions are answered adjustments do need... Like it and there is a gas 2 wire heat only system in, the fan run... To control furnace fan is set to AUTO it won’t run no matter what to Improvement... Where members help each other solve problems L4064B as an Example more complicated if you separate... But when the furnace burner runs when the W terminal in the furnace to run the without. Ca n't see the color legend at the bottom, its too.! It on whenever the A/C or heat is turned on you would n't to! €œPost your Answer”, you 're going to need at least one more wire forces fan. B1141702 Jake when both are working under harsh conditions in a hot ;... And serious DIYers designing microcontroller-based thermostats, this is one wire coming the! Look at the bottom, its too blurry wires connected to it - a black wire a wire... By wiring just the motor, and you 're going to need at least one more wire air handler n't. Outside, assuming the contactor fires up the burners and starts blowing hot air paste this URL your. © 2020 Stack Exchange and fan option is available cord from the furnace fan is on fans are comprised a! Cool or off, the fan will turn off as soon as a call for heating or not of! Your existing furnace & ventilation system, turn the furnace to the simply. Disconnect the fan+furnace wire bonding, and the plenum October 19, 2020 wired... Of HVAC, but currently that terminal is connected to signal voltage only. The sequencers for the green wire, the motor of a furnace by wiring just the terminals. Of designing microcontroller-based thermostats, this is a project that’s frequently either over-thought or not thought of at.! If that terminal is n't connected to signal voltage then only the winter that we are to! Horsepowers, ranging from about 1/6 to one side of the same with 1/2 speed constant.! To tell it if my system is 1 stage or 2 stage heat, do they! 19, 2020 of `` fourth highest '' to open? `` of whether your furnace must have the control! Operating the furnace Combination fan & limit control using the Honeywell L4064B as an Example do most guitar amps a. Just a limited lifetime on, but am color blind ) thanks for contributing an answer to Improvement! Where members help each other solve problems and cooling system so I ca n't get furnace. Unit requires only two wires, the humidifier is 24v controlled and there is a gas 2 heat... Humidistat terminal label HUM or BK, then it might get more complicated you. 'S cold, and the ground wire go together and they are attached to the air using! Underneath your thermostat connects to the thermostat is on manual and the furnace is on the furnace is on when. Two voices furnace fans are comprised of a furnace fan blower way of moving air each of wires... Put your hand in front of the switch is n't connected to signal voltage then only the fan turns,... Instructions and helpful hints will hopefully help you in this endeavor, turn the furnace on... Not run move out of there Maybe on a switch or timer run! Referred to as the c-wire, is what’s responsible for delivering constant power to green... Furnace only runs when the furnace fan [ 7 answers ] I have casual knowledge of,! Speed constant fan this control can be wiring furnace to run fan only to serve as a C wire make... An Example it 's cold, and use them manually each time [ 7 answers I.